cªwz e`b 101 ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq

cªwz e`b 101 ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq

cökvkk m Uvi di cwjwm WvqjM (wmwcww) evwo 40/wm, ivw 11 avbgwû AvevwmK GjvKv XvKv-1209, evsjv `k dvb: (880 2) 9145090, 9141734, 9141703 d v : (880 2) 8130951 E-mail: cpd@bdonline.com Website: www.cpd.org.bd cö_g cökvk b f ^i 2009 ^Z m Uvi di cwjwm WvqjM (wmwcww) g~j UvKv 80.00 ISSN 1818-1570 (Print) ISSN 1818-1597 (Online)

evsjv ` ki mykxj mgv Ri cöwzwbwaz kxj wewfbœ msmv bi mwµq mn hvwmzvq Aa vck ingvb mvenv bi D ` v M 1993 mv j m Uvi di cwjwm WvqjM (wmwcww) cöwzwôz nq wmwcww cöwzôvi Ab Zg D Ïk nj Askx`vwiZ I Revew`wnZvg~jK Dbœqb cöwµqvq evsjv ` ki mykxj mgv Ri cöz AskMÖnY K DrmvwnZ Kiv G j c~i Y wmwcww M elyv, we k ly I msjvc Av qvrbmn wewfbœgylx Kg KvÊ msmwvz K i Avm Q wmwcww evsjv ` ki Dbœqb cöwµqvi mv _ mswk ó wewfbœ c K wb q wbqwgz msjvc cwipvjbv K i _v K hvi gva g Z_ I AwfÁZv wewbg qi my hvm m wó nq wewfbœ RvZxq Ges Avš R vwzk i Z c~y welqmg~n K K `ª K i gy³ Av jvpbvi ^c GKwU AbyK~j cwi ek m wó Ki Z wmwcww memgq m Pó Gme msjv ci gva g cöwzôvjmœ _ K wmwcww evsjv ` ki bxwz cöyqb I ev evqb cöwµqvi Ici ` ki RbM Yi AwaKvi I KZ Z cöwzôv Ki Z Póv Pvwj q hv Q G j wmwcww mikvi I we ivax ivr bwzk `j, kªwgk I ckvrxex RbMY, e emvqx gnj, RbcÖwZwbwa, bxwzwba vike `, mikvwi Avgjv, Dbœqb-Askx`vimn we klámy, Z Yg~j ch v qi msmv bi bz em I mykxj mgv Ri cöwzwbwaz kxj MÖ cmg~n K wb q wbqwgz bxwz-msjvc Av qvrb K i _v K wmwcwwõi j nj G ai bi msjvc cöwµqvi gva g h me bxwzgvjvi e vcv i HKgZ cöwzwôz n e, m jvi c e vck RbgZ I mg_ b M o Zvjv wemz mg q G mkj Kg Kv Êi gva g wmwcww GKwU wbi c fveg~wz M o Zzj Z I mykxj mgv Ri e vck Av v AR b Ki Z m g n q Q msjvc cöwµqvi ZË I Z_ MZ wfwë mỳ p Kivi j wmwcww wewfbœ Myi Z c~y Bmÿ wb q e vck M elyvkg cwipvjbv K i _v K wmwcwwõi cöavb M elyv Kg m~wpi g a i q Q: mvgwók A_ bxwzi Ae v ch v jvpbv; K wl I MÖvgxY Dbœqb; `vwi`ª we gvpb; evwyr, AvÂwjK mn hvwmzv I wek vqb; wewb qvm I D ` v Mi cömvi Ges AeKvVv gv Dbœqb; Rjevqy cwiez b I cwi ek; gvbe m ú` Dbœqb I mvgvwrk wbivcëv; Ges Dbœq bi Rb mykvmb, bxwzgvjv I cöwzôvb wmwcwwõi i Z c~y Kvh µ gi g a i q Q Dbœqb msµvš wewfbœ wel q Z_ I Ávb mswk ó mk ji Kv Q cuš Q `Iqv G Kvh µ gi myôz m úv`bvi Rb wmwcwwõi GKwU mwµq cökvkbv Kg m~wpi (evsjv I Bs iwr) i q Q G Kg m~wpi Ask wn m e wmwcww wbqwgzfv e ÔwmwcwW msjvc cöwz e`b wmwirõ (CPD Dialogue Report Series) cökvk K i _v K ez gvb cöwz e`bwu ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq kxl K msjv ci Av jv K cö Z Kiv n q Q msjvcwu 18 AvM 2009 Zvwi L wmiwvc wgjbvqz b AbywôZ nq cöwz e`b cª Z K i Qb: wgr Avcbvb evby, cöfvlk, wk v Dbœqb BÝwUwUDU, eª vk wek we` vjq mnkvix m úv`k: AvwbmvZzj dv Zgv BDmyd, cwipvjk, WvqjM I KwgDwb Kkb wefvm wmwir m úv`k: Aa vck ingvb mvenvb, Pqvig vb, wmwcww

msjvc cöwz e`b ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq msjvc cöwzcv` m Uvi di cwjwm WvqjM (wmwcww) MZ 18 AvM 2009, g½jevi XvKvi wmiwvc wgjbvqz b ÔivRbxwZ Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxqÕ kxl K GKwU msjv ci Av qvrb K i msjv c mfvcwzz K ib wmwcwwõi Pqvig vb Aa vck ingvb mvenvb W. wkixb kviwgb PŠayix, Ggwc, gvbbxq cöwzgš x, gwnjv I wkï welqk gš Yvjq, msjv c cöavb AwZw_ wn m e Dcw Z wq jb we kl AwZw_ wn m e msjv c hvm `b gwnjv I wkï welqk gš Yvjq m úwk Z msm`xq vqx KwgwUi mfvcwz g ni Avd ivr, Ggwc emg mwjgv ingvb, hym gnvmwpe, evsjv `k RvZxqZvev`x `j, msjv c m vwbz AwZw_ wn m e Dcw Z wq jb msjv c bvix Av `vj bi cy ivav e w³z _ K ïi K i ivrbxwzwe`, Z Yg~j ch v qi ivr bwzk msmvk, mvsm`, mgvrweávbx, ivóªweávbx, A_ bxwzwe`, AvBbRxex, mvsevw`k, bxwz wba vik, mgvrkg x, DbœqbKg x, Dbœqb we klá, hvmv hvm we klá, wgwwqv e w³z, `vzv ms vi cöwzwbwamn AviI A b K AskMÖnY K ib hy³iv óªi Kjvw ^qv wek we` vj qi LÊKvjxb Aa vck ivóªweávbx W. iibk Rvnvb msjv c g~j cöeü Dc vcb K ib cöe Üi cöwzcv` wn m e W. Rvnvb ˆewk K, AvÂwjK I RvZxq ch v qi ivrbxwz Z bvix `i AskMÖnY I cöwzwbwa Z i Zzjbvg~jK ch v jvpbv K i G Î MZ wzb `k Ki AMÖMwZi aviv Zz j a ib ˆewk K AwfÁZvi Av jv K RvZxq ch v q bvix `i ivr bwzk gzvq b euvavmg~n wpwýzkiy Ges G jv Acmvi Y m ve w`kwb ` kbv cö ve K ib wzwb Zuvi we k ly, Zzjbvg~jK ch v jvpbv I cö vebvi m~î a i GKwU cöväj msjv ci m~pbv nq, hlv b Av jvwpz nq evsjv ` ki bvix-ivrbxwzk `i msmövg I AR bi K_v, Zuv `i AvZ gh v`v wb q wb R `i K cöwzôv Kivi `ywb evi cö Póvi K_v; cvkvcvwk Av jvwpz nq cöpwjz cyi lzvwš K mgvr e e vq bvixi hvm Zvi Aegyj vq bi K_v, bvixi nzvkv, eâbv I `ỳ kvi cöwzwpî Ges bvbvfv e bvix K g~javivi ivr bwzk-a_ bwzk Kg KvÊ _ K wew Qbœ ivlvi mvgvwrkivr bwzk Acms wzi K_v g~javivi ivrbxwz Z bvixi A_ en AskMÖn Yi euvav wn m e mvgvwrk- A_ bwzk Î bvixi Aa b Ae vi cöwzev `i myi cöjw ^Z nq GB msjv c GB cöwz e` bi ciez x As k msjvcwui g~j cöwzcv` I e³ e i mvims c Zz j aiv n q Q cwiwpwz I m~pbv e³e mfvcwz Aa vck ingvb mvenvb mevb K ï f Qv Rvwb q Ges Dcw Z e³v I AwZw_ `i mv _ mkj K cwipq Kwi q msjv ci m~pbv K ib bvixi ivr bwzk AwaKvi wbwðz Kiv Ges ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz evov bvi cöqv m bvbv mg q bvbv cöwzkªywz kvbv M ji AMÖMwZ n q Q LyeB mxwgz GB gš e i L Aa vck mvenvb G Î ivr bwzk mw` Qvi welqwu Z cö_gz i Z Av ivc K ib wzwb e jb, ez gvb mikvi Zuv `i Ôw`be` ji mb`õg G msµvš AZ š i Z c~y h A½xKvi jv K i Q Zvi ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 1

GKwU nj msm ` bvix `i Rb msiw Z Avmb msl v 100 Z DbœxZ Kiv bvixi ivr bwzk cöwzwbwaz evov Z GB c` c AZ š i Z c~y f~wgkv ivl e Z e ïay msl vmz cöwzwbwaz B bq, eis GKwU mwz Kvi A _ gzvwqz bvix cöwzwbwa` ji gva g evsjv ` ki mkj bvix `i Ae vi Dbœqb wbwðzki Y msm`xq c wz Z bvixi mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðz Kiv Ri ix e j wzwb g b K ib wzwb ez gvb mikv ii A½xKvi ev evq bi gva g welqwu wbtm ` n AviI Z ivwš^z n e, Z e mswk ó mkj K G my hvm Kv R jvmv Z GK hv M KvR Ki Z n e, hv Z K i ez gvb msm `i bÿ bzg 10 eqi gqv`kv j Gmsµvš wejwu msm ` DÌvwcZ nq I cvk Kiv bv hvq, e j gš e K ib Aa vck mvenvb msm ` cö qvrbxq AvBb cv ki Rb wej DÌvc bi cöw Z ˆZixi GKwU m PZb cöwµqvi m~îcvz NU e G msjv ci ga w` q G Avkv i L Aa vck mvenvb Aa vck iibk Rvnvb K Zuvi cöeü Dc vcbvi Rb AvnŸvb Rvbvb Aa vck Rvnv bi cöeü ivrbxwz Z bvixi AskMÖnY m ú K ˆewk K, AvÂwjK I RvZxq ch v qi bvbv mvdj, wedjzv I mgm vi Dci Av jvkcvz K i G wel q GKwU c~y aviyv `evi Póv Ki e; hv G msµvš ciez x Kvh µg MÖn Y I AvBbx cwikvvv gv wbg v Y cö qvrbxq w`kwb ` kbv ` e e j wzwb Avkv cökvk K ib g~j cöeü Dc vcb mevb K ï f Qv I K ZÁZv Rvwb q Aa vck W. iibk Rvnvb Zuvi Dc vcbv ïi K ib MZ 10/15 eq ii Av `vjb m Ë I ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz vq b AMÖMwZi nvi Zgb Avkvbyiƒc wqj bv e j gš e K ib W. Rvnvb Z e ez gvb mikv ii wbe vpbx Bk Znv i `qv gwnjv `i Rb 100 msiw Z Avm bi cöwzkªywzi welqwu cwiez bi nvi K Z ivwš^z Ki e e j Avkvev` e ³ K ib wzwb Gev ii wbe vp b 19 Rb gwnjv mivmwi cöwzøw ØZv K i wbe vwpz n q Qb Ges GeviB cö_g gwnjv `i MZvbyMwZK avivi wecix Z K vwe bu eèb Kiv n q Q G meb AZ š i Z c~y AMÖMwZ e j wzwb gš e K ib Aa vck Rvnvb Zuvi e³e g~jz wzbwu c e Dc vcb K ib: 1. ˆewk K cö vcu, 2. `w Y Gwkqvi AwfÁZv Ges me k l 3. evsjv ` ki cwi cöw Z wzbwu ch v q Zzjbvg~jK Av jvpbv k l Aa vck Rvnvb evsjv ` ki ivrbxwz Z bvix cöwzwbwaz evov Z me P q Dc hvmx Kg KŠkj Kx n Z cv i; ^í, ga g I `xn gqv ` Kx Kx c` c bqv h Z cv i Ges me P q fv jv g WjwU Kx ev wbe vpbx c wz I msm`xq Avmb msi Yi me P q fv jv web vmwu Kx n Z cv i Zv wb q we vwiz Av jvpbv K ib Aa vck Rvnv bi Dc vwcz cöe Üi g~j e³e wb P Zz j aiv nj 1. ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vcu ez gvb Ae v ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz vq b c w_exe vcx GKwU Ab Zg cöavb mgm v nj, bvixiv gvu fvuvi `i kzkiv 50 fvm n ji ivr bwzk cöwzôvb jv Z bvix cöwzwbwa Z i Î GKwU eo ˆelg i q M Q cwimsl vb Abyhvqx mviv c w_ex Z gvî 9 kzvsk mikvi cöavb (cöavbgš x wksev ivóªcöavb) gwnjv; gvî 18 ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 2

kzvsk n Qb gwnjv mvsm`; úxkvi c ` i q Qb gvî 13 kzvsk gwnjv, Avi ivr bwzk `j jvi m`m c ` gvî 13 kzvsk gwnjv i q Qb ivr bwzk `j jv Z GZ Kg gwnjv _vkvi Kvi YB msm` m`m wksev gš x cwil` m`m c ` bvix `i msl v GZ Kg, Kbbv ivr bwzk ` j Aš f~ ³ _vkv G mg c `i cö e ki c~e kz wn m e KvR K i e j Aa vck Rvnvb AewnZ K ib Gme Dcv Ëi msl vmz we k ly mȳ úófv e wb ` k K i h wek e vcx ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwa Z i welqwu Z AMÖMwZ KgB n q Q; Avi hzuzkzi n q Q, AvÂwjK ch v q Zv ZI A bk cv_ K i q Q msm` m`m c ` bvix `i me vwak cöwzwbwaz i q Q biwwk `k jv Z, A_ vr myb Wb, WbgvK, bii q Ges wdbj v Û Gme ` k bvixi cöwzwbwaz kzkiv 41 fvm, A_ vr RÛvi mgzv Gme `k cövq AR b K i d j Q Avi me P q Kg bvix AskMÖnY i q Q Avie `k jv Z, kzkiv gvî 9 fvm bvix mlv b msm` m`m c ` i q Qb AvÂwjK ch v q ch v jvpbv Ki j `Lv hvq h `w Y Gkxq `k jv G wel q ek AMÖMwZ jvf K i Q cövq 1960 Gi `kk _ KB Gme ` k gwnjviv ivóªcöavb ev ivr bwzk `jcöavb wn m e wbe vwpz n q Avm Qb evsjv ` k 1991 mvj _ K, A_ vr cövq 20 eqi a i gwnjv mikvi cöavb i q Qb, hv wkbv GKwU Abb mvaviy ` óvš GQvovI 1980 mvj _ K `ywu cöavb ivr bwzk ` ji `jxq-cöavbi G ` k gwnjv GKBfv e fviz, cvwk vb I kªxjskv ZI gwnjviv mikvi cöavb ev `jxq cöavb wn m e `xn w`b mdjfv e KvR K i Avm Qb, hw`i G wb q wezk i q Q h Zuviv mk jb esk ci úivq ev DËivwaKvim~ Î ivrbxwz Z cö ekvwakvi jvf K i Qb, c~y A _ wbr hvm Zvq bq Z e W. Rvnvb g b K ib, GwUI we epbvq ivlv `ikvi h Gu `i ivrbxwz Z cö ek ÔdynasticÕ n ji Guiv mk jb 20-25 eqi a i gzvq wq jb, mdjfv e `k cwipvjbv K i Qb Ges Rbmg_ b wb q gzv a ii i L Qb GwUI Zv `i hvm ZviB cwipvqk Gme ` ki gš x cwil` m`m c `i w` K j Ki j `Lv hvq kzkiv cövq 8 _ K 28 fvm gwnjv gš x ch v q Av Qb Z e G ÎI AvÂwjK ch v q cv_ K i q Q hgb Dbœqbkxj `k jvi gv S Avwd«Kv ev j vwub Av gwikvi `k jv Z g qiv cövq kzkiv 23 fvm c ` i q Qb wkš `w Y Gwkqvi Î gvî kzkiv 8 fvm gwnjv gš x cwil` m`m c ` i q Qb Gi KviY nj `w Y Gkxq `k jv Z g q `i Rb Kvb msiw Z Avmb ev KvUv bb, hlv b Avwd«Kv ev j vwub Av gwikvi `k jv KvUvi gva g ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz Lye ZvovZvwo evwo q Q bvix cöwzwbwa Z i AMÖMwZi nvi (Rate of progress) ch v jvpbv Ki j `Lv hvq h, mvgwmökfv e MZ 10 eq i GB nvi wqj LyeB aximwzm úbœ 1997 _ K 2008 ch š GB 10 eq i c w_exe vcx msm` m`m c ` bvix `i AskMÖn Yi gvîv kzkiv 12 fvm _ K gvî 18 fv M DbœxZ n q Q G ÎI i q Q AvÂwjK ZviZg `w Y Gkxq `k jvi Zzjbvq Av gwikv ev mve-mvnvivb Avwd«Kvi `k jvi AMÖMwZi nvi A bk `ª Z n q Q, Kbbv GB `k jv MZ 10-15 eq i bvix `i Rb msiw Z Avmb Ges KvUv c wzi ev evqb Rvi`vi K i Q ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwa Z i AÂjwfwËK ch v jvpbvq `Lv hvq D`xP ev biwwk `k jv i q Q me P q Dc i, Avi Aie `k jvi Ae vb me P q wb P ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 3

Gme Dcv Ëi cwimsl vwbk we k ly K i `Lv hvq, h nv i ez gvb AMÖMwZ Ae vnz i q Q, m nv i GwM q M j DbœZ `kmy jvi ivrbxwz Z bvixi AskMÖn Y RÛvi-mgZv (gender parity zone) AR b Ki Z, A_ vr kzkiv 50 fvm bvixi AskMÖnY wbwðz Ki Z cövq 20 eqi jvm e, Avi Dbœqbkxj `k jvi Rb GB mgqmxgv n e AvbygvwbK 40 eqi BwZevPK c` ci cö qvrbxqzv: KvUv c wzi e envi GLb cökœ nj AMÖMwZi GB nv ib `k jv mš ó _vk e Ges 20-40 eqi ch š A c v Ki e, bvwk bvix `i Rb AbyK~j cwi ek m wó Z we kl c` c ev BwZevPK K g v ` vm MÖnY Ki e? bvix AwaKvi cöwzôvq mwµqfv e bvix Av `vj bi mv _ mswk óiv GZ eqi a i Kvb mywbw` ó D ` vm MÖnY bv K i A c v Kivi e vcv i GKgZ bb Avi h BwZevPK K g v ` vmwu G Î me P q Dc hvmx nvwzqvi wn m e c w_exe vcx e eüz n q Q mwu nj g q `i Rb KvUv c wzi cö qvm 1995 mv ji ebwrs m j bi c w_ex Rvov Kg ewk GKwU HKgZ wqj h g q `i Rb bÿ bzg GK-Z Zxqvsk Avmb msiw Z ivl Z n e Z e KvUv c wzi c -wec I i q Q bvbv hyw³ I gzv bk (contestations) W. Rvnvb G Î KvUvi c -wec i g~j hyw³-wezk I gzv bk jv mwe v i Zz j a ib KvUv c wzi c hyw³mg~n (Arguments for the quota system) KvUvi c PviwU g~j hyw³ Zz j a ib W. Rvnvb G jv nj b vqcivqyzv Ges c cvznxbzv hyw³ (Justice and fairness argument) KvUvi c cö_g I cöavb hyw³wu nj bvix `i mgvb AskMÖnY ev mgvb cöwzwbwa Z i c _ h nzz A bk jv KvVv gvmz cöwzeükzv (structural barriers) i q Q, hgb mvgvwrk, mvs wzk I cvwievwik `vq`vwqz, UvKvcqmv ev m ú ` Askx`vixZ BZ vw`, Ges g qivb Gme cöwzeükzvi gy LvgywL n Q, Q j `i Î Gme cöwzeükzv bb, m nzz g q `i Rb we kl BwZevPK K g v ` vm bqv DwPZ Ges Zv b vqm½z I b vh n e myzivs b vqcivqyzv Ges c cvznxbzvi wepv i g qiv hme KvVv gvmz cöwzeükzvi gy LvgywL nq KvUv K Zvi wzc~iy (compensation) wn m e we epbv Kiv nq AwfÁZv welqk (The experience argument) KvUvi c wøzxq h hyw³wu i q Q mwu Z ejv nq mgv R g q `i Ae vb h nzz Q j `i P q wfbœ, ZvB g q `i Rxeb AwfÁZvI Q j `i _ K wfbœ GKvi Y g qiv hme welq K AMÖvwaKvi `q, Q jiv m jv K GKBfv e we epbv bvi Ki Z cv i mvgvwrkfv e Aa b Ae vi Kvi Y g qiv hme cöwzeükzvi gy LvgywL n Q, g q `i mme AwfÁZvi cöwzdjb ivrbxwz Z _vk Z n e Ges m Abyhvqx g q `i Rb my hvm m wó Ki Z n e ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 4

AvMÖn welqk (Interest group argument) h nzz g q `i Rxeb AwfÁZv Q j `i _ K wfbœ, Ges g qiv bvbv ˆel g i wkkvi, m nzz g q `i AvMÖ ni Î jvi Q j `i P q Avjv`v myzivs AvMÖ ni GB wfbœzvi cöwzdjb _vk Z n e AbyKiYxq Av`k welqk (Role model argument) mvaviyfv e ivrbxwz Z Avm Z g q `i h nzz A bk mgq jvm e, ZvB Lye `ª Z hw` msi Y Ges KvUvi gva g GKwU critical mass of women Avbv hvq Zvn j Zuviv ivj g Wj wn m e KvR Ki eb Ges Zuviv ZLb Ab bvix `i ivrbxwz Z Avmvi Rb DØy Kivi Î GKwU AMÖYx f~wgkv cvjb Ki eb mkvi YB KvUvi cö qvrb i q Q KvUv c wzi wec i hyw³mg~n (Contestations about the quota system) G cöm ½ wzwb KvUv m ú K fvizxq bvix Av `vjbkvix I ivrbxwzk `i Ae v bi welqwu K D j L K i e jb, 50 I 60 Gi `k K Zvuiv KvUv c wzi fxly wec wq jb, hw`i Zuv `i ez gvb Ae vb KvUvi c KvUvi wec i hyw³ jv wbgœiƒc wzc~iy ebvg ˆelg (Compensation versus discrimination) KvUv K hw`i g q `i Rb wzc~iy wn m e `Lv nq, GwU Q j `i wei GKwU ˆelg I e U hw`i KvUvi c i hyw³ nj g qiv h nzz Avjv`v Ges wkqz ˆel g i wkkvi mrb g q `i K GB wzc~iy w` ZB n e mgvb my hvm ebvg mgvb djvdj (Equality of opportunity versus equality of results) G wel q cökœwu nj KvUvi gva g Avm j Kx PvIqv nq? Gi D Ïk wk mgvb my hvm bv mgvb djvdj? hgb evsjv ` ki msm ` hme mvaviy Avmb i q Q mlv b g q `i cöwzøw ØZv Kivi mgvb my hvm i q Q bvix-cyi l wbwe k l mk jb Gme Avm b wbe vpbx cöwzøw ØZv Ki Z cv i wkš eq ii ci eqi G e e vi ga w` q g qiv wbe vwpz n q Avm Z cvi Q bv, h nzz g q `i Î we kl mvgvwrk, mvs wzk I A_ bwzk cöwzeükzv i q Q aviyvi cöwzwbwaz ebvg mvgvwrk cöwzwbwaz (Representation of ideas versus social representation) D Ïk hw` nq aviyv ev wek v mi cöwzwbwaz, Z e mwu bvix `i c bvix KB Ki Z n e Ggb Kvb K_v bb cyi livi bvixi n q Zuv `i cö qvr bi K_v ej Z cv ib m Î KvUvi gva g bvixi mkix i Dcw wz ev AskMÖnY Lye i Z c~y bq GwU nj KvUvi wec i Ab Zg hyw³ ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 5

kªyx cöwzwbwaz ebvg mvaviy cöwzwbwaz (Group representation versus universal representation) G wel q cökœwu nj KvUvi gva g hlb bvixi cöwzwbwaz evov bvi K_v ejv nq, ZLb msiw Z KvUvq wbe vwpz bvixiv Avm j Kvi cöwzwbwaz K ib? msm ` Zuviv wk ïay GKwU wbw` ó Mvôxi A_ vr bvix `i cöwzwbwaz Ki eb bv Zuvi GjvKvi mk ji cöwzwbwaz Ki eb? G Î bvix Av `vj bi m ½ mswk ó `i gzvgz nj, msiw Z KvUvq wbe vwpz Gme gwnjv cöwzwbwa Aek B g q `i K_v ej eb, wkš Zuviv me mvavi Yi cöwzwbwa myzivs Zuviv mevi e vcv ib K_v ej eb, ïay gwnjv `i wel q mxgve _vk eb bv `jxq cöwzwbwaz ebvg `jxq ˆewPÎ (Group representation versus diversity within the group) `jxq cöwzwbwaz Ges `jxq ˆewPÎ ev eûgywlzv wb q we klz Dbœqbkxj `k jv Z gzwe f` i q Q KviY DbœZ `k jv Z g q `i K hw`i GKwU we kl `j wn m e `Lv nq; mlv b Dbœqbkxj `k jvi AwfÁZv nj g q `i g a I bvbv kªyxcv_ K I MvôxMZ wefw³ i q Q Kbbv g q `i g a i q Q abx-`wi`ª, wn `y-gymjgvb, Ges AviI bvbvwea cv_ K AZGe ïaygvî gwnjv n jb n e bv, gwnjv `i g a h eûgywlzv Av Q mwu a g i wfwë Z nvk, Av_ mvgvwrk w`k _ K nvk, b ZvwË K w`k _ K nvk wksev AwfÁZvi w`k _ K nvk, hgb wkqz gwnjv nq Zv UªW BDwbqb Ki Qb, KD ivrbxwz Ki Qb, Kv ivi Ae vb Z Yg~ ji cövwš K Rb Mvôx Z, KD ev mykxj mgv Ri cöwzwbwa wn m e Avm Qb, Zuv `i mk jib h eûgylx mgm v I cö qvrb Zvi meuvib cöwzwbwaz _vk Z n e msl v ebvg YMZ gvb (Quantity versus quality) KvUv w` q nq Zv ev g q `i cöwzwbwaz Lye ZvovZvwo msl vq evov bv h Z cv i, wkš Zuv `i AskMÖn Yi YMZ gvb KvUv w` q wbwðz Kiv m e bq wewfbœ cökvi KvUv (Types of quotas) W. Rvnvb Zuvi Av jvpbvq Pvi cökvi KvUv c wz Zz j a ib, G cökvi f`wu Kiv n q Q KvUv jvi mvsweavwbk wfwë i q Q wk bb, mb we epbvq A_ vr G jv nq AvBwb cöwµqv Øviv ixwzwm, A_ev ^ QvcÖ Yvw`Z (voluntary) cö_gz i q Q RvZxq msm `i mvsweavwbk KvUv (Constitutional Quota for National Parliaments) hwu evsjv ` k i q Q wøzxq cökv ii KvUv nj wbe vpbx AvB bi AvIZvq KvUv (Election Law Quota for National Parliaments), Z e GwU Avevi `yikg Av Q m vb&kkb mn I m vb&kkb Qvov m vb&kkb mn KvUvi Î, h ivr bwzk `j GwU j Nb Ki e Zvi wei ivóª msweavb Abyhvqx kvw g~jk e e v wb Z cvi e Avi m vb&kkb Qvov wbe vpbx AvB bi KvUvi Î ïay AvBb Av Q, Z e kvw i Kvb weavb bb myzivs GwU g b Pjvi Î Kvb eva evakzv bb Z Zxq cökvi KvUv nj vbxq mikvi ch v q mvsweavwbk ev AvBwb KvUv (Constitutional or Legislative Quota at Sub-National Level) me k l nj wbe vpbx ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 6

cöwzø Øx `i Rb ivr bwzk ` ji KvUv (Political Party Quota for Electoral Candidates) ivr bwzk ` ji KvUv jv ewkifvm ÎB ^ QvcÖ Yvw`Z G Pvi ikg KvUvi g a jwrm jpv i `qv mvsweavwbk KvUv me P q `ª Z KvR K i e j Rvbvb W. Rvnvb GQvov ivr bwzk ` ji KvUv jvi bvix cöwzwbwaz evov Z Lye Kvh Ki f~wgkv iv L e j wzwb AewnZ K ib AvBwb cöwµqvq ixwzwm Zvi cvkvcvwk RÛvi ` wó KvY _ KI KvUvi cökvi f` Kiv nq, hgb: bvix KvUv (Women s Quota), RÛvi KvUv (Gender Quota) Ges c vwiwu (Parity) bvix KvUv nj ïayb g q `i Rb KvUv hlv b wbw` ó msl K Avmb bvix `i Rb msiw Z _v K, hwu Avgv `i ` k Av Q Avi RÛvi ev wj½ KvUvq msm ` bvix ev cyi li Avmb kzkiv 40 fv Mi Kg n Z cvi e bv, Avevi 60 fv Mi ewki n Z cvi e bv, A_ vr bvix-cyi l Df qi ÎB GB KvUv cö hvr bii q, úb Gme ` k Gai bi RÛvi KvUvi e envi `Lv hvq Avi Z Zxq h KvUv c wzwu mwu Zzjbvg~jKfv e GKwU bzzb aviyv ev concept, d«v Ý G c wzwui PP v n Q G Î mgzvi welqwu we epbvq i L bvix-cyi l Df qi Rb mgvb Avmb msi Y Kiv nq, A_ vr kzkiv 50 fvm Avm b bvix Ges 50 fvm Avm b cyi l cöv_ x K wbe vwpz Kiv nq KvUvi GB c wz mvaviyz hlv b wbe vpbx c wz Z AvbycvwZK cöwzwbwaz (Proportional representation) _v K mlv bb ev evqb Kiv m e nq, Ges G Î g~jz ivr bwzk `j jvi Dci wb ` k `qv _v K h Zviv hlb cöv_ x ZvwjKv cvvv e Zv Z kzkiv 50 fvm bvix Ges evwk 50 fvm cyi l cöv_ xi bvg _vk Z n e KvUvi cökvi f` Av jvpbvi ci W. Rvnvb bvix `i Rb kzkiv bÿ bzg 30 fvm KvUv i q Q Ggb 18wU ` ki bvix cöwzwbwa Z i m ú K DcvË Zz j a ib cövß Z_ weeiyx _ K `Lv hvq 18wU ` ki g a 11wU `k ivr bwzk ` ji KvUv e envi Ki Q, 7wU `k msm`xq KvUv e envi Ki Q, Avi 5wU `k Av Q hviv `yõikg KvUvB e envi Ki Q Gme Z _ i we k ly wb ` k K i h, DbœZ `k jv we klz BD ivcxq `k jvi gv S ivr bwzk ` ji KvUv e env ii cöeyzv ewk, Avi Dbœqbkxj `k hgb Avwd«Kv I j vwub Av gwikvi `k jvi Î msm`xq KvUv e env ii cöeyzv ewk mvwe K ch v jvpbvq `Lv hvq BD iv ci `k jv bvix cöwzwbwaz evov bvi Î me P q GwM q Av Q Dbœqbkxj `k jvi g a j vwub Av gwikv Ges Avwd«Kvi `k jvi fv jv AMÖMwZ AR b K i Q Avi `w Y Gkxq `k jvi g a ïaygvî bcvj G ZvwjKvq RvqMv K i wb Z c i Q Gi KviY n jv bcvj wemz wbe vp b bvix `i Rb bvbvikg KvUvwfwËK my hvm m wó K i Q myzivs GB 18wU ` ki Zzjbvg~jK ch v jvpbv _ K hwu úó nq Zv nj bvix cöwzwbwaz evov Z me P q Kvh Ki KvUv n Q ivr bwzk ` ji KvUv BD ivcxq `k jv ewkifvmb ^ QvcÖ Yvw`Zfv e ivr bwzk ` ji KvUv e envi Ki Q Ges Gi d j mlv b bvix cöwzwbwaz Lye `ª Z e o Q G wel q W. Rvnvb AwfgZ cökvk K ib h, h nzz bvix `i g~javivi ivrbxwz Z Avbevi Î me P q fv jv KvR K i ivr bwzk ` ji KvUv jv, m nzz evsjv ` k G ` óvš AbymiY Kiv DwPZ ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 7

wbe vpbx c wz (Electoral System) KvUvi cvkvcvwk Ab h welqwu ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz K cöfvwez K i mwu nj wbe vpbx c wz W. Rvnvb cöpwjz wewfbœ ai bi wbe vpbx c wz wb q mwe v i Av jvpbv K ib wzwb gvu 12 ikg wbe vpbx c wzi D j L K ib h jv AbymiYKvix `kmg~ ni msl vmn wb Pi Q K `qv nj wbe vpbx c wz wj cöv cvikbvj wm g (wj wcavi) dv cv w` cv (GdwcwUwc) Uz-ivDÛ wm g (wuavigm) c viv jj wm g e K fvu (wewf) wg W g ^vi cöv cvikbvj (GgGgwc) wm g cvwu e K fvu (wcwewf) Aëvi bu fvu (Gwf) wm ½j UªvÝdv iej fvu (GmwUwf) wm ½j bb-uªvýdv iej fvu (GmGbwUwf) wjwg UW fvu (Gjwf) ei`v KvD U (wewm) AbymiYKvix ` ki msl v 51 50 21 20 15 8 4 3 2 2 1 1 Q Ki DcvË _ K `Lv hvq 12 ikg c wzi g a cö_g `ywu c wz A_ vr wj cöv cvikbvj wm g ev wj wcavi Avi GdwcwUwc AwaKvsk `k AbymiY K i Avgv `i ` k AbymiY Kiv GdwcwUwc c wz hlv b GKK m`m (single member district) Ges msl vmwiôzv (simple majority) nj g~j ˆewkó, A_ vr whwb ewk fvu cv eb wzwb wbe vwpz n eb evsjv `k QvovI G c wz Av gwikv Ges Bsj v Û cöpwjz Av Q W. Rvnvb G Î D j L K ib h, GdwcwUwc c wz Z g q `i GwM q hviqv A bk KwVb, Avi cöv cvikbvj c wz Z bvix cöwzwbwaz evov bv Zzjbvg~jKfv e mnr wbe vpbx c wz I KvUvi m e vëg web vm (Best fit combination of Electoral System & Quota) wewfbœ Drm _ K cövß DcvË I M elyv djvdj (BDwb dg I Ab vb ) _ K `Lv hvq hme ` k AvbycvwZK cöwzwbwaz wbe vpbx c wz i q Q, mme ` ki msm ` bvix AskMÖnY me P q ewk Avi wbe vpbx c wz wbwe k l mkj ÎB bvix cöwzwbwaz evov Z KvUv c wz A bklvwb cöfve d j wewfbœ ` ki cwiw wz we k ly Ki j `Lv hvq hme ` k wbe vpbx c wz Z wcavi c wz Abym Z nq Ges bvix `i Rb we kl KvUv i q Q, mme ` k me P q ewk bvix AskMÖnY i q Q Zvi wecix Z hlv b wcavi c wz Ges KvUv KvbUvB bb, mlv b bvix `i AskMÖnY me P q Kg ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 8

Lye ZvovZvwo bvix cöwzwbwaz evov bvi Rb KvUv Ges wbe vpbx c wzi Kvb& mshyw³ ev web vmwu me P q Dc hvmx ev Kvh Kix n Z cv i, W. Rvnvb G wel q LvwbKUv Av jvkcvz K ib wzwb h welq jv Zz j a ib m jv wbæiƒc K) bvix cöwzøw Ø `i wb q GKwU Avjv`v i (Tier with women candidates only) bvix cöwzwbwaz evov bvi me P q mnr Dcvq nj ïay bvix cöwzøw Ø `i Rb msiw Z Avm bi GKwU Avjv`v i ˆZwi Kiv, hgbwu evsjv ` k Kiv nq GLv b g q `i Rb msiw Z Avm b ïay g qivb cöwzøw ØZv K i L) wj wcavi Ges g bvbqb (List PR and nominations) wøzxq h web vmwu fv jv KvR K i Zv nj wj wcavi ev cöv cvikbvj wi cö R Ukb, Zvi m ½ g bvbqb mbmv _ ivr bwzk `j jvi Dci KvUvi e vcv i wkqy g v ÛU _vk e h kzkiv KZ nv i Zviv AvbycvwZK KvUv jv ivl e D`vniY ^iƒc ejv hvq myb W b e eüz wrcvi KvUvi K_v G Î cöv_ xi h ZvwjKvwU cvvv bv nq mlv b cö_ g hw` GKRb bvix cöv_ xi bvg _v K, Zvn j Zvic i _v K GKRb cyi l cöv_ xi bvg, Zvic i Avevi bvix, Zvic i cyi l Gfv e wrcvi hikg wrmr vm K i hvq, ZvwjKv Z mfv e bvg `qv nq Ges Gfv eb kzkiv 50 fvm bvix cöv_ x P j Av m M) wgkª cöv_ xi AvbycvwZK msiw Z Avmb (Mixed member proportional reserved seats) wg W g ^vi cöv cvikbvj g~jz wcavi ev cöv cvikbvj wm g wkš GLv b g q `i Rb Avmb msiw Z Kiv _v K N) e K fvu, g bvbqb Ges msiw Z Avmb (Block vote, nominations and/or reserved seats) PZz_ Kw ^ bkbwu n Q e K fvu, g bvbqb Ges msiw Z Avmb hlv b fvu `qvi mgq cvwu we ewpz nq mlv b KvUv K i g q `i K Avbv mnr, wkš hlv b e w³ ` L fvu `qv nq mlv b g q `i cöwzwbwaz evov bv ZZ mnr bq e K fvu Ges msiw Z Avm bi Kw ^ bkbwu g q `i `ª Z Avbvi e vcv i fv jv KvR K i KvUv c wzi ev evqb mgm v (Implementation challenges of quota system) W. iibk Rvnvb G ch v q KvUv c wzi ev evqb mgm v jvi cöwz msjv c AskMÖnYKvix `i ` wó AvKl Y K ib wzwb e jb, KvUv c wzi A bk fv jv w`k i q Q Ges A bk `k KvUv A bklvwb ev evqbi K i Q Z e G Î A bk P v jä GLbI i q M Q Ges Gme P v jä gvkvwejvi Rb Dchy³ Kg KŠkj ei Kiv Ri ix cö_gz KvUvi ev evq b h mgm vwui gy LvgywL n Z nq mwu nj eû eqi a ib ez gvb me Avm bi wecix Z cyi l cöv_ xiv i q Qb Ges mnmvb Zviv Gme Avmb Qvo Z cö Z bb, muv m cöv cvikbvj wi cö R Uk bb nvk, wksev GdwcwUwc ZB nvk h nzz Gme cyi l cöv_ x eû eqi a i `jxq ivrbxwz K i Avm Qb, d j Zv `i K nvvr K i ev` `qv m e bq GiKg cwiw wz Z biwwk `k jv, hviv KvUvi gva g `ª Z bvix cöwzwbwai msl v evwo q Q, Zv `i AwfÁZv nj g q `i ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 9

KvUv cy ivcywi ev evqb Ki Z Zv `i cövq 3 wu wbe vpb, A_ vr cövq 15 eqi j M Q A bkw`b a i h nzz ivrbxwz Z mwµq cyi l cöv_ xiv Av Qb, cö_g wbe vp b g q `i bvguv Zviv ZvB cq bi w` K i L Qb Gic ii wbe vp b g q `i msl v Ges AMÖvwaKvi Av ikuz evwo q Qb, Zvic ii wbe vp b Av ikuz evwo q Qb Gfv e Zviv bvix `i GwM q wb q M Qb Z e KvUv ev evqb m ú K fvi Zi AwfÁZv AZ š wz³ bvix cöwzwbwaz evov bvi cöqv m fvi Zi jvkmfvq gwnjv `i Rb 33 kzvsk Avmb msi Yi Rb msweav bi GKwU ms kvabx Avbv nq wkš mwu cvk Kiv bv m e nqwb, Kbbv GB 33 kzvsk nj ez gvb Avm bi 33 kzvsk, A_ vr ez gvb Gme Avm b B Zvg a A bk cyi l cöv_ x Ges wkqy gwnjv cöv_ xi i q Qb B Zvg a envj _vkv Gme cöv_ x bvix cöwzwbwa `i Rb Zv `i Avmb Qvo Z PvB Qb bv d j Gi m ve mgvavb `qv nq Gfv e h cö Z KB Avmb jv Z cöwzøw ØZv Ki eb cvjv K i (by rotation) G Î h mgm vi m wó nq Zv nj GKwU wbe vp bi c ib GKRb K Zvi Avmb Q o P j h Z n Q A_P dv cv ` cv wm g, hwu evsjv ` ki cöpwjz, mlv b eûeqi a i GKwU KÝwUwUD qwý A_ vr GjvKvwfwËK fvuvi `i `Lfvj Ki Z nq, Zv bvn j nvvr K i KD wrz Z cv i bv AZGe GKevi wbe vpb K ib hw` AvmbwU Q o P j h Z nq, Avi mlv b hw` Avevi bzyb jvk Av m, Zvn j cöpwjz h wbe vpbx ms wz Zv Z G Î wbe vp b Rqx niqv cövq Am e n q `uvovq evsjv ` ki gz msiw Z Avm bi GKwU Avjv`v i h nzz fviz iv Lwb, ez gvb Avmb jvi DciB msiw Z Avmb PvIqv n q Q, m nzz Zv AKvh KiB i q M Q KvUv ev evq bi Av ikwu eo mgm v nj myôz cwikíbv I mgq-kvvv gvi Afve kzkiv KZ nv i bvix cöwzwbwaz evov bv n e, KZ mg qi g a Zv Kiv n e, Kvvw LZ j cušqv bvi Rb mg qi mv _ mv _ KŠkjMZ Kx Kx cwiez b Avb Z n e, ev evqb wbwðz Kivi Rb Kx Kx c` c wb Z n e G jv m ú K GKwU mywbw` ó cwikíbv _vkv cö qvrb GQvov cöwz 5 eqi ci ci AMÖMwZi nvi gyj vqb I gwbui Kiv Ges m Abyhvqx KŠkj MÖn YiI cö qvrb i q Q ga g I `xn gqv`x cwikíbvii cöku Afve cwijw Z nq hgb Avgv `i ` k g q `i Rb cökvmwbk c ` 10 kzvsk wn m e GKUv KvUv ivlv n qwqj wkš Kx fv e Zv ev evwqz n e, Kx Kx c` c Gi Rb wb Z n e ev KZ eq i GB j AwR Z n e Zvi Kvb mywbw` ó cwikíbv G Î bb biwwk `k jv hfv e 3wU B jkkb wb q ax i ax i g q `i KvUv ev evqb K i Q Ges GB cy iv 15 eqi mgq a i Zv gwbui K i Q hv Z K i Av Mi wbe vpb _ K c ii wbe vp b GwM q hviqv hvq, ZgbUv Avgv `i ` k Kiv nqwb AZGe KvUv Ki jb n e bv, Zv ev evq bi Rb mwvk cwikíbvi ivl Z n e Z Zxq h welqwu Z g bv hvm `qv `ikvi Zv nj hvm cöv_ x `i GKwU `j (pool) ˆZwi Kiv, hv Z GKwU wbw` ó Avm bi wecix Z cöwzøw ØZv Kivi Rb h _ó bvix cöwzøw Ø cö Z _v Kb G Kvi Y cö qvr b bvix cöv_ x `i cöwk Yi e e v Ki Z n e Zv bvn j ïay KvUv K i ivlv n j, Avi KvUvq Avmevi gz h _ó hvm bvix cöv_ xi hvmvb bv _vk j KvUv c wzi ev evqb Kvb Kv jb n e bv ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 10

myzivs G m úwk Z mywbw` ó c` c _vkv Ri ix hgb Av gwikv Z KvUv bb, wkš bvix Av `vj bi mv _ mlv b huviv hy³ Zuviv wewfbœ Kbw wud qwý Z wrz Z cv ib Ggb m ve gwnjv ivrbxwzwe` `i GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi K i iv Lb, huv K Iuiv e jb ÔGwgwjm wj Õ mai bi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwii cö Póv _vk j KvUv ev evq bi c _ A bklvwb GwM q hviqv hvq G Î AviI h P v jäwu n Q, ïay KvUv Ki jb n e bv, Gme KvUvq bvix `i g a h wewfbœzv i q Q Zvi cöwzwbwaz wbwðz Ki Z n e hgb b ZvwË K, ag wfwëk, AwfÁZvwfwËK Gme wkqyib cöwzdjb _vk Z n e bvix `i Rb wba vwiz KvUvq Av ikwu KwVb P v jä nj KvUvq wbe vwpz bvix `i Rb mywbw` ó KÝwUwUD qwýi Afve we klz dv cv ` cv wm g mywbw` ó fšmwjk GjvKv (territorial or geographic constituency) bv _vk j KvR Kiv hvq bv wkš KvUvq wbe vwpz bvix `i KvR Kivi Rb Kvb mywbw` ó GjvKv ev KÝwUwUD qwý Avgv `i ` k bb d j Zv `i c wbe vpbx cöwzkö wz c~i Yi j KvR Kiv KwVb n q c o myzivs KvUv c wz Pvjy Kivi cvkvcvwk msiw Z Avm bi bvix cöwzwbwa `i Rb mywbw` ó GjvKv wpwýz Ki Z n e G wel q Avi GKwU eo P v jä nj cöpwjz ivr bwzk ms wz Z wbe vpbx cöwz hvwmzv GKwU AZ š cöwz hvwmzvg~jk I mgqmv c cöwµqv G cöwz hvwmzvq wu K _vkvi Rb A_ bwzk I AviI Ab vb m ú `i (resources) cö qvrb nq bvix `i Rb GwU A bk eo GKwU P v jä, Kbbv cyi l `i Zzjbvq bvix `i m ú` hvmv bi e e v Kivi m vebv (access) mxwgz G Kvi Y bvixiv AwaK cöwzeükzvi gy LvgywL nq d j Zviv GB cöwz hvwmzvq wu K _vk Z cv i bv GQvov ïay cöpzi UvKvcqmvi hvmvb _vk jb nq bv, mg_ K MvôxI (support group) _vkv cö qvrb cökœ nj bvix `i Î GB m ú` K hvmv e? Zv `i mg_ b, wbe vpbx cöpviyv G jv K Ki e? Zv `i UvKvcqmvi hvmvb wk ivr bwzk `j jv ` e, bv gwnjv msmvb jv Ki e? myzivs ïay KvUv Ki jb n e bv, cvkvcvwk G welq jv ZI g bv hvmx n Z n e 2. ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : `w Y Gkxq cö vcu wbe vpbx c wz I KvUvi cökvi f` (Types of Electoral Systems and Quotas) `w Y Gkxq `k jvi g a wbe vpbx c wz wn m e evsjv `k, fviz I bcv j GdwcwUwc Abym Z nq, Z e bcv j AvbycvwZK cöwzwbwaz c wzi Pvjy Av Q kªxjskv wj wcavi c wz AbymiY K i, Avi cvwk v b Pvjy i q Q `ywu wfbœ Dcv qi wgkª c wz wj wcavi I c yivwjwu- grwiwu wm g KvUvi Î evsjv ` k i q Q RvZxq msm `i gvu Avm bi Dci 13 kzvsk mvsweavwbk KvUv Ges vbxq mikvi ch v q 33 kzvsk mvsweavwbk ev jwrm jwuf KvUv evwk `k jvi g a GKgvÎ kªxjskv Z KvbiKg KvUv bb, Avi me ` kb Kvb bv KvbiKg KvUv Av Q fvi Zi jwrm jpv i Kvb KvUv bb, Z e ivr bwzk `j jvi gv S Kej Ks MÖm g bvbq b KvUv i L Q kzkiv 15 kzvsk nv i m ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 11

Kvi Y fvizxq ivrbxwz Z gvî 10 kzvsk bvixi Dcw wz `Lv hvq, A_ vr fviz G Î Lye ax i G Q `w Y Gkxq `k jv Z bvix cöwzwbwaz (Women s Representation in South Asian Parliaments) `w Y Gkxq `k jvi gv S ivrbxwz Z bvixi AskMÖn Y me P q ewk GwM q Av Q bcvj bcv j bvix cöwzwbwa Z i nvi ez gv b 32 kzvs ki wkqy ewk KviY bcvj me kl RvZxq wbe vp b bvix `i Rb bvbvikg KvUvi my hvm i L Q hgb 2007 mvj _ K dv cv ` cv Ges cöv cvikbvj Dfq c wz ZB 33 kzvsk nv i RvZxq msm `i mvsweavwbk KvUv ivlv n q Q bvix `i Rb 1999 mvj _ K RvZxq msm `i Rb B jkkb j KvUv ivlv n q Q 50 kzvsk nv i GQvovI wgdwbwmcvj wbe vp b 40 kzvsk nv i bvix `i Rb KvUvi cöez b K i Q bcvj Gfv eb bvix cöwzwbwa Z bcvj `ª Z AMÖMwZ jvf K i Q cvwk vbi A bkuv GwM q Q KvUv w` q, kzkiv 22 fvm bvix ez gv b mlv b ivrbxwz Z i q Qb Avi evsjv `k kzkiv 18 fvm bvixi ivrbxwz Z Ae vb wb q Zvic ii Ae v b i q Q fvi Zi 10 kzvsk bvixi c i me kl Ae v b i q Q kªxjskv hlv b ivrbxwz Z gvî cövq 5 kzvsk bvix `w Y Gkxq cö vc U ivrbxwz Z bvix cöwzwbwaz vq b AMÖMwZi nvi we epbv Ki j `Lv hvq, hme ` k bvix `i Rb KvUv i q Q, mme ` k AMÖMwZi nvi Zzjbvg~jKfv e Z ivwš^z n q Q bcvj Ges evsjv ` k gš x cwil` m`m c` mn mvwe Kfv e bvix `i Ae v b ek AMÖMwZ n q Q 3. ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : evsjv `k cö vcu ez gvb cwiw wz (Current Status) ez gv b evsjv ` k kzkiv 100 fvm mikvi cöavb gwnjv kzkiv 14 fvm gš x cwil` m`m c` Ges 19 fvm msm` m`m c ` gwnjviv i q Qb evsjv ` ki bvix Ges ivrbxwz wel q 2002 mv j cökvwkz 1 GKwU cöwz e` b wewfbœ ivr bwzk ` ji wbe vnx c` ev wm vš MÖnYKvix c`mg~ n bvix `i Dcw wzi we k l Y `Lv hvq AvIqvgx jx M mepvb Z ewk msl K bvix cöwzwbwa i q Qb wegbwc Ges RvZxq cvwu µgvš^ q i q Q Zvi c ii Ae v b Ges Rvgvqv Z Bmjvgxi wm vš MÖnY ch v q Kvb bvix m`m bb KvUv cöez bi AvBwb cwikvvv gvi weez b we k l Y `Lv hvq, 1973 mv ji msweav b RvZxq msm `i 300 Avm bi wecix Z msiw Z bvix Avmb wqj 15wU A_ vr cövq 5 kzvsk, 1979 Gi ms kvabx Z Zv G m `uvovq 30 wu Z hv gvu Avm bi cövq 9 kzvsk Ges 2004 mv ji ms kvabx Z GwU evwo q Kiv nq 45, hv gvu Avm bi cövq 13 kzvsk bvix AskMÖn Yi AMÖMwZi nvi we k ly Ki j `Lv hvq msm ` mvaviy 300 Avm bi wecix Z 1991 I 1996 Gi wbe vp b bvix `i Rb 30wU msiw Z Avmb _vk ji 2001 Gi wbe vp b Kvb msiw Z Avmb wqj bv 2009 G G m Avevi G msl v e o 45 G DbœxZ nq 1 Kamaul Uddin Ahmed, Women and Politics in Bangladesh ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 12

d j msm ` bvix cöwzwbwa Z i AMÖMwZi cöeyzv 1991 _ K 2009 mvj ch š `Lv hvq, hv 2001 G AvKw Kfv e K g hvq Kvb KvUvi eivï bv _vkvi Kvi Y mivmwi wbe vwpz bvix cöwzwbwa Z i ÎI GKB cöeyzv j Kiv hvq KvUv m úwk Z wezk (Debates over women s quotas) gwnjv `i Rb KvUv I msiw Z Avmb evwo q ax i ax i ivrbxwz Z bvix cöwzwbwaz evov ji, evsjv ` k KvUvi cöez b wb q A bk Av jvpbv, mgv jvpbv I wezk i q M Q cöavbz h Kvi Y GB wez K i m~îcvz N U Zv nj KvUvq wbe vwpz bvixiv mivmwi wbe vp b Avm Qb bv, c iv wbe vp bi gva g Zv `i K Avm Z n Q Ges bvix Av `vjbkvix `i Kv Q GwU Kvw LZ bq Kbbv c iv wbe vp bi A bk jv mgm v i q Q RvZxq msm` ev cvj v g U msiw Z Avm bi wbe vp b h mgm v jvi D e nq m jv wbgœiƒc cöwzwbwaz msµvš wezk (Representation): msiw Z Avm bi bvix `i fvu w` q wbe vpb K ib msm `i 300 mvaviy Avm b mivmwi wbe vwpz cöwzwbwaiv G Î wezk wu nj c iv fv e wbe vwpz msiw Z Avm bi bvixiv Avm j Kv `i cöwzwbwaz K ib? Zviv wk Zv `i wbe vpk `i cöwzwbwaz K ib, bv mvaviy RbM Yi cöwzwbwaz K ib? Avi hw` RbMY KB Zv `i cöwzwbwaz Ki Z nq, mwu Zviv Kxfv e Ki eb? K) Revew`wnZv welqk wezk (Accountability): mvaviyz wbe vwpz cöwzwbwaiv Zv `i wbe vpk `i Kv Q Revew`wn _v Kb msiw Z Avm bi bvixiv h nzz mvaviy Avm bi 300 cöwzwbwai Øviv wbe vwpz n Qb, m Î Zv `i Revew`wnZv Avm j Kvi Kv Q? hviv Zv `i fvu w` q wbe vpb K i Qb Zv `i Kv Q, bvwk mvaviy bvmwik `i Kv Q? L) ejvi AwaKvi welqk wezk (Voice): msiw Z Avm b wbe vwpz bvixiv Avm j Kxfv e Ges KZUv Kvh Kifv e bvix `i Bmÿ, A_ vr RÛvi mgzv I bvixi gzvqb Bmÿ K Zz j ai Z m g? M) m ú `i hvmvb (Access to resources): Aci GKwU D j L hvm welq nj m ú `i hvmvb mvaviy Avm b mivmwi wbe vwpz cöv_ x `i Dbœqb Znwej e env ii my hvm i q Q Ges GB Znwej e envi K i wbe vpbx GjvKvi Dbœqb Kivi GLwZqviI Zv `i Av Q Z e cök Z c msiw Z Avm bi bvixiv m my hvm cv Qbv; d j Zviv cök Z A _ KvRI Ki Z cvi Qb bv N) ivr bwzk mvgvwrkxkiy I cöwk Y (Political socialization and training): msiw Z Avmb I KvUvi aviyvwu Abš Kv ji Rb bq a i bqv nq h Gme we kl c` ci gva g bvix `i AskMÖnY evov bvi D Ï vm bqv nq Z e Gi cvkvcvwk AskMÖnYKvix bvix `i ch vß cöwk Y I ivr bwzk cwigê j Zv `i mvgvwrkxki Yi gva g ax i ax i Zv `i K mvaviy Avm b mivmwi wbe vp b cöwzøw ØZv Kivi Rb cö Z K i Zvjv cö qvrb KviY KvUv I msiw Z Avmb `xn gqv ` bvixi gzvqb wbwðz Ki Z cv i bv, G jv mvaviyz msl vmzfv e AMÖMwZ n q Q evsv Z mnvqzv K i wkš evsjv ` ki wemz 30 eq ii ewk AwfÁZvq `Lv hvq, KvUvi gva g bvix `i msiw Z Avm b ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 13

ïay wbe vwpz K i Avbv n Q Ges m Kvi Y msl vq bvix `i Dcw wz axi MwZ Z n ji e o P j Q Z e `xn gqv`x Kvb cwikíbv bv _vkvq A_ vr cö qvrbxq cöwk Y I ivr bwzk mvgvwrkxkiy cöwµqvi Afv e Gme bvix cöwzwbwa `i cök Z gzvqb hgb n Q bv, Zgwb Gme bvixiv mivmwi wbe vp b cöwz hvwmzv Kivi gz hvm I ` n q DV Z cvi Qb bv m Î Zuv `i ivr bwzk wepi Yi Î msiw Z Avm bi cwimwê ZB mxgve _ K hv Q, hv Kvw LZ j i wep ywz wb ` k K i O) wbe vpbx GjvKv MVb (Constituency building): evsjv ` ki wbe vp b cöwz cöv_x i Rb GKwU Kbw wud qwý _vk Z nq Ges ciez x wbe vp b Rqx nevi R b `xn mgq a i bvbv c` ci gva g wbe vpbx GjvKvi Dbœqb KvR cwipvjbv Ki Z nq hgb zj-k jr, nvmcvzvj, iv vnvu wbg vy BZ vw` wkš msiw Z Avm bi bvix `i Rb h nzz wbe vpbx GjvKv (territorial constituency) mywbw` ófv e wba viy Kiv _v K bv, d j Zviv Kvb KvR Ki Z cv ib bv A_ vr g~jz mkix i Dcw Z _ K ïay msl vq cöwzwbwaz Kiv Qvov cök Z A _ Kvb gzvqb Gme bvix `i nq bv P) msl vjny ` ji cöwzwbwaz (Representation of minority parties): me kl h wezk wu G Î i q Q mwu nj, mvaviyz msl vmwiô ivr bwzk ` ji gwnjvivb msiw Z Avmb jv Z Avm Qb, d j msl vjny `j jvi ` wóf½xi cöwzdjb G Î cviqv hv Q bv Z e MZ wbe vp b G welqwu ms kvab Kiv n q Q, ms kvabx Z 45 wu msiw Z Avmb AvbycvwZK nv i me jv ` ji gv S e Ub Kivi weavb cöewz Z n q Q RvZxq msm` ch v q msiw Z bvix Avm bi g~j mgm v ev wezk jv c iv wbe vpb msµvš n ji cökœ _ K hvq h c iv wbe vpbb G Î GKgvÎ mgm v wkbv Kbbv vbxq mikvi ch v q g q `i K mivmwi wbe vp bb Avbv n Q wkš mlv bi i q M Q A bk mgm v G Î h mgm v jv g~jz i q Q m jv nj K) ˆØZ cöwzwbwaz (Double representation in geographical constituency): vbxq ch v q msiw Z KvUvq wbe vwpz bvix `i Rb wbw` ó IqvW eivï _v K bv cöwzwu Iqv W GKRb K i wbe vwpz cyi l cöwzwbwa _v Kb Avi bvix cöwzwbwa `i K 3wU K i IqvW `qv nq, hlv b B Zvc~ e 3 Rb cyi l cöwzwbwa i q Qb d j mlv b GKwU ˆØZ cöwzwbwa Z i e vcvi N U, hv bvbv ivr bwzk I Dbœqbg~jK Kg Kv Ê bvix cöwzwbwa `i cök Z AskMÖn Y euvav n q `uvovq L) my úó Kg -cwiwai Abycw wz (Absence of clear Terms of Reference): Aci h welqwu mgm vi cök wz K AviI RwUj K i Zzj Q Zv nj vbxq Gme bvix cöwzwbwa `i cwi vifv e Kvb Uvg m Ad idv iý ev Kg cwiwa bb G Kvi Y Gme bvix cöwzwbwaiv g~jz gzvnxb n q i q Qb Zv `i K mfv jv Z WvKv nq bv, wm vš MÖn Yi my hvm `qv nq bv, wfwrgd KvW ev Ab vb Dbœqb Znwej e env ii my hvm `qv nq bv M) cövwš KxKiY (Marginalization): Gme Kvi Y vbxq Gme bvix cöwzwbwaiv gzvwqz bv n q eis µgvš^ q gzvnxb n q co Qb Ges A bkuv R bï bb Zv `i K Gfv e cövwš KxKiY Kiv n Q ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 14

N) cöw bvix cöwzwbwai wbe vpb (Election of proxy women): Av ikwu h NUbv evsjv ` k GgbwK fvi ZI N U _v K Zv nj cöw bvix cöwzwbwa wbe vpb G Î hv N U Zv nj vbxq BDwbqb cwil `i mfvcwz ev m`m MY Zv `i x ev Nwbô bvix AvZ xq `i cöw wn m e wbe vp b `uvo Kwi q wbe vwpz K i Av bb, hv `i ciez x Z g~jz ZvivB wbqš Y K ib fvi Z G ai bi GKwU NUbvi D j L K i W. Rvnvb e jb, GKRb cyi l wb R wbe vwpz n q hlv b GKwU câv qz K `L j ivl Z cvi Zb, mlv b msiw Z Avm bi e `Šj Z bvix wbkuvz xq `i wewfbœ RvqMvq ewm q wzwb GLb wzbwu câv q Zi Dci wbqš Y ivl Z cvi Qb Z e wfbœ GKwU ` wó KvY _ K wepvi Ki j `Lv hvq h Gme cöw gwnjvivi wbw` ó wkqy mgq ci h _ó gzvwqz ev ` n q D Vb AZGe GBme mgm v _vkvi A_ GB bq h KvUv c wz cöez bi cö qvrb bb eis Kxfv e Gme mgm vi Kvh Ki mgvavb `qv hvq, mwub g~jz fveevi welq ivr bwzk cöwzwbwaz vq b bvix Av `vjbkvix `i `vwe (Women s movement s demands for political representation) evsjv ` ki ivrbxwz Z bvix cöwzwbwaz evov bvi Î `xn w`b a i bvix Av `vjb msmvb jv KvR K i Avm Q Zv `i G `xn cöqv m g~j h `vwe jv D V G m Q Zv msjv c Zz j a ib W. Rvnvb wzbwu fv M wzwb G `vwe jv web K ib RvZxq msm` ch vq, ivr bwzk `j jvi ch vq Ges vbxq mikvi ch vq G Kv R wzwb g~jz gwnjv cwil `i GKwU cöwz e`b 2 _ K Z_ msmön K ib, hw`i gwnjv cwil` QvovI AviI A bk msmvb i q Q hv `i i Z c~y Ae`vb G Î i q Q e j wzwb D j L K ib `vwe jv wbgœiƒc RvZxq msm` ch vq msiw Z Avmb msl v evov bv: bvix Av `vjbkvix `i cö_g `vwewu n Q RvZxq msm ` g q `i Rb msiw Z Avmb msl v AviI evov bv wewfbœ mg q wewfbœ msl v GRb cö ve Kiv n q Q, hgb KL bv 64, KL bv 100 gwnjv cwil` 2000 mv j h wejwu ˆZwi K i Q mlv b cö ve wqj 150 Avmb msl vi msiw Z Avm b mivmwi wbe vpb: msiw Z Avmb jv Z ez gv b cöpwjz c iv wbe vp bi cwie Z mivmwi wbe vp bi `vwe Zvjv n q Q KvVv gvmz cöwzeükzv `~ixkiy: ez gv b cöpwjz wbe vpbx ms wz Z UvKvcqmv I ckxkw³i h _ Qv e envi `Lv hvq, h jv bvix `i AskMÖn Y KvVv gvmz cöwzeükzv wn m e KvR K i GB welq jv wbqš Yi Rb wbe vpbx AvBb jv Z cö qvrbxq cwiez b Avbv Ges G jvi h_vh_ ev evqb wbwðz Kiv bvixi wei mwnsmzv: bvixi wei mwnsmzv Kgv bvi Rb cö qvrbxq AvBb Ges D ` vm MÖn Yi `vwe Zvjv n q Q bvix msmvb jvi c _ K 2 Bangladesh Mahila Parishad, Movement Profiles of Bangladesh Mahila Parishad, Report 1996-2002 ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 15

mvsm` `i RÛvi ms e`bkxj Kiv: mvsm` `i RÛvi ms e`bkxjzv evov bvi cö ve ivlv n q Q, KviY RÛvi Bm y jv Z mvsm` `i m PZbZv ivrbxwz Z bvix `i A_ en AskMÖnY wbwðz Kivi GKwU Ab Zg cö qvrbxq c~e kz ivr bwzk `j jvi ch vq mvaviy Avm bi cöv_ x g bvbq b bvix KvUv: wemz cövq 20 eqi a i bvix Av `vjbkvix `i Ab Zg `vwe nj ivr bwzk `j jvi mvaviy Avm bi cöv_ x g bvbqb `Iqvi Î g q `i Rb KvUv cöez b Kiv Ges g q `i K Av ikuz ewk msl vq g bvbqb `qvi welqwu we epbv Kiv wm vš MÖnY ch v q bvix KvUv: ivr bwzk `j jvi h wm vš MÖnY ev bxwz wba viyx ch vq i q Q mlv b bvix m`m `i m ú ³Zv evov bvi `vwe Kiv n Q AwaK bvix wb qvm I ` ji wfz i Zv `i µgvš^ q c `vbœwz: evsjv ` ki ivr bwzk `j jv mvaviyz gwnjv `i my hvm `q g q `i fvu ` ji c Avbvi Rb wkš Zviv hv Z ` ji Dc ii w` Ki c` jv Z µgk: h Z cv ib Zv wbwðz Kivi Rb Kvb cöwk Y ev Kvb mywbw` ó D ` vm bq bv RÛvi ms e`bkxjzv evov bv: ivr bwzk `j jvi m`m, G `i Kg KvÊ Ges `jxq ms wz RÛvi ms e`bkxj bq hgb `jxq i Z c~y mfv jv A bk iv Z WvKv nq d j gwnjv `i c Gme mfvq Dcw Z niqv m e nq bv A_P biwwk Ges Ab vb DbœZ `k jv Zv `i ivr bwzk `j jv Z A bk bvixevüe AvBb K i Q wkš evsjv ` k Gme Î mikg Kvb ms e`bkxjzv bb `jxq wbqgvejx msµvš `wjjc Î Lye úófv e G e vcv i wkqy ejv bb ev Zv `i K gwbuwis Kiv nq bv Gw` K Av ikuz hzœkxj n Z n e mvgvwrk I ivr bwzk DØyw KiY: ivr bwzk ` ji bvix-cyi l mkj m`m `i RÛvi mgzv I bvixi gzvqb wel q DØy Ki Z n e ïay gwnjvivb Kej bvix wel q K_v ej eb, cyi liv ej eb bv GUv bv K i eis `yb`j KB G wel q m PZb K i Zzj Z n e vbxq mikvi ch vq mywbw` ó Uvg m Ad idv iý: š vbxq mikvi ch v q hviv msiw Z bvix Avm b mivmwi wbe vwpz n q Avm Qb Zv `i Rb GKwU mywbw` ó Uvg m Ad idv iý _vk Z n e bvix cöwzwbwa `i wbivcëv weavb: gwnjviv hviv wbe vwpz n q Avm Qb, A bk mgqb Zviv mwnsmzvi wkkvi n Qb ev bvbvfv e wbm nxz n Qb Gme bvix cöwzwbwa `i cö qvrbxq wbivcëvi e e v Ki Z n e `jxq mfv I wm vš MÖnY cöwµqvq AskMÖnY: `jxq Ri ix mfv jv Z bvix cöwzwbwa `i A bk mgq WvKv nq bv Gme Î bvix `i mgvb AskMÖnY wbwðz Ki Z n e ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 16

Dbœqb Znwej e env ii my hvm: Dbœqb Znwej hv w` q KÝwUwUD qwý MVb I Dbœqb Kiv nq Ges Zvi d j GKwU ivr bwzk fwel r Mov nq, bvix cöwzwbwa `i m Znwej mgvb e env ii my hvm _vk Z n e 2008 mv ji RvZxq wbe vpb: GKwU mwü Y (2008 election: A Watershed) evsjv ` ki ivrbxwzi BwZnv m 2008 mv ji wbe vpb bvbvfv eb GKwU gvbjdjk wn m e we ewpz RÛvi ` wó KvY _ K G wbe vpbwu h _ób e vwzµgag x D`vniY m wó K i Q, Kbbv G wbe vp bb cö_gev ii gz A bk gwnjv cöwzwbwa wbe vwpz n q Avm Z c i Qb bvix cöwzwbwaz evov bvi Î wkqz i Z c~y AbyK~j I mnvqk K g v ` vm G Î D j L hvm f~wgkv cvjb K i Q KviY wemz mg qi ivr bwzk ms wz Z A_ -m ú` I gzvi Ace envi Ges cöpê mwnsmzvi QovQwo GKwU AivRKZv I SuywKc~Y cwi ek ˆZwi K i i LwQj, hv bvix `i AskMÖn Y eiveib cöwzk~j f~wgkv i L Q GeviB cö_g g q `i Î hme KvVv gvmz cöwzeükzv i q Q m jv K we epbv Kiv n q Q Ges Zv wbim b bvbv c` c bqv n q Q gwnjv `i m ú` e env ii my hvm cyi l `i Zzjbvq mxwgz I euvavmskzj niqvq wbe vpbx e q guv bv Zv `i c Kómva I A bk Î Am e n q `uvovq Gev ii wbe vp b wbe vpbx e q K Vvifv e wbqš Y Ges gwbui Kiv n q Q GKvi Y GKwU cwi Qbœ wbe vpbx cöwz hvwmzvi cwi ek m wó n q Q Ges A bk ewk bvix Gev ii wbe vp b AskMÖnY Ki Z c i Qb GQvov mvwe Kfv e cöv_ x g bvbq bi e vcv i A bk jv wb ` kbv Gevi `qv n qwqj Ges G jv K Vvifv e gwbui Kiv n q Q hgb gv vwb ev bvbv ai bi Aciv ai mv _ m ú ³iv Gevi wbe vpbx cöv_ x wn m e Av e`b Ki Z cv ibwb ivr bwzk `j jvi Dc i mr, hvm I cwi Qbœ cöv_ x g bvbqb `evi e vcv i Pvc wqj G welq jv gwnjv `i AbyK~ j ev c M Q GQvov wbe vpbx cöpviyv cöwµqvq mwnsmzvi Dci GKUv wbqš Y wqj, d j wbe vpbx cöpviyv Ges fvu MÖnY cöwµqv `y UvB kvwš c~y cwi e k msnwuz nq wbe vpbx cöpviyvq ivr bwzk `j jv bvbvikg A½xKvi K i _v K Gig a GKgvÎ AvIqvgx jxmb 2008 Gi wbe vpbx A½xKv i ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz evov bvi Î GKwU mywbw` ó cöwzkö wz w` qwqj h Zviv RvZxq msm ` mivmwi wbe vwpz msiw Z bvix Avm bi msl v 100 Z DbœxZ Ki e Ab w` K evsjv `k RvZxqZvev`x ` ji (wegbwc) G msµvš Kvb mywbw` ó cöwzkö wz wqj bv Zviv Lye mvaviyfv e bvix `i AwaK nv i AskMÖn Yi h _vchy³ cwi ek m wói K_v e j Qb, mywbw` ó Kvb c` ci K_v e jwb Avi RvZxq cvwu ` j Ges mikv i 33 kzvsk msiw Z c `i K_v e j Qb, wkš RvZxq msm` m ^ Ü Avjv`v K i Kvb c` ci D j L K iwb 2008 Gi wbe vpbx djvd ji w` K ` wócvz Ki j `Lv hvq, 45 wu msiw Z Avm bi cvkvcvwk RvZxq msm ` mivmwi wbe vwpz n q G m Qb 19 Rb A_ vr 5.5 kzvsk gwnjv gš x cwil` m`m c ` G m Qb 6 Rb A_ vr 14 kzvsk gwnjv AviI e vwzµgag x huv N U Q Zv nj GeviB wkqz gš Yvjq cö_gev ii gz gwnjv `i `vwq Z `qv n q Q h jv MZvbyMwZKfv e gwnjv `i `Iqv nq bv mpivpi gwnjv `i ïay gwnjv gš Yvj qi `vwq Z `Lv hz Z e Gevi K wl, ^ivóª, ciivóª I kªg gš Yvj qi gz i Z c~y ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 17

gš Yvj qi `vwq Z gwnjviv G m Qb GQvovI AvIqvgx jx Mi m cöwz AbywôZ cvwu KvDwÝ j NvwlZ K `ªxq KwgwU Z cöwmwwqvg m` m i gvu 15 R bi g a 5 Rb Ges mwpe wn m e wbe vwpz 31 R bi gv S 3 Rb wq jb gwnjv GZme i Z c~y AR bi w` K j i L W. Rvnvb cökœ Zv jb h 2008 Gi G wbe vpb Kx GKwU bzzb aviv m wó Ki e, hvi d j µgkt ciewz Z AviI fv jv wkqzi w` K Avgiv GwM q h Z cvi ev, bvwk c~ e i Ae vq Avevi wd i h Z n e Avgv `i? GwU Aek B f e `Lvi welq, Kbbv 1991 _ K 2001 ch š DbœwZ n q Q LyeB axi MwZ Z, eo ai bi Kvb cwiez b `Lv hvqwb 2008 G G m bvbvikg AbyK~j kz ˆZwi nevi Kvi Y bvix AMÖMwZi Î GKwU eo cwiez b j Kiv M Q wkš hw` Avevi c~e Zb ivr bwzk ms wz Z Avgiv wd i hvb, Z e bvix cöwzwbwa Z huzkz AR b Avgv `i n q Q Zv nq Zv a i ivlv m e n e bv myzivs G welqwu Aek B GKwU i Z wb q f e `Lvi welq e j W. Rvnvb g b K ib wek AwfÁZv _ K evsjv ` ki wk Yxq (Lessons from global experiences for Bangladesh) W. Rvnvb ivrbxwz Z bvix cöwzwbwa Z mgzv Avbq bi Î we k i wewfbœ ` ki AwfÁZv mwe v i Av jvpbvi ci Zv _ K evsjv ` ki Rb AbyKiYxq I wk Yxq Kx i q Q Zv msw ßfv e Zz j a ib, h jv wbgœiƒc we k i bvbv ` ki ` óvš _ K GwU úó Ges Ab ^xkvh h Lye `ª Z bvix cöwzwbwaz evov bvi Rb KvUv GKwU Kvh Kix Dcvq bcv ji D`vniY _ K `Lv hvq hlv b 1997 mv j bcv ji RvZxq msm ` gvî 3 kzvsk bvix cöwzwbwa wqj, mlv b ez gv b GB nvi 33 kzvs k DbœxZ n q Q, hvi g~j KviY n Q bvix `i Rb bvbvikg KvUvi e envi KvUv jvi g a bvix `i g~javivi ivrbxwz Z m ú ³ Kivi Î me P q Kvh Ki f~wgkv iv L ivr bwzk ` ji KvUv biwwk `k jv Gi D¾ j ` óvš, Gme ` ki ivr bwzk `j jv cvwu KvUvi wfwë Z bvix cöwzwbwaz e w Z KvR Ki Q wbe vpbx c wz jvi g a dv cv ` cv, hwu Avgv `i ` k Av Q Zvi Zzjbvq AvbycvwZK cöwzwbwaz c wz bvix cöwzwbwaz evov Z AwaK AbyK~j I Kvh Ki f~wgkv iv L hgb Av gwikvq dv cv ` cv c wz _vkvq mlv b 1996 _ K 2008 mv ji g a msm ` bvix m`m kzkiv 12 _ K gvî 17 Z cš Q Q ïay KvUv Ki jb bvix cöwzwbwaz wbwðz n e bv, Zv ev evq bi Rb mywbw` ó cwikíbv _vk Z n e Ges RÛvi mgzv AR bi Kvw LZ j i w` K Avgiv hvw Q wkbv Zv cwigv ci Rb GKwU `~i` wóm úbœ m PZb gvbwmkzv wb q Gme cwikíbvi cy iv ev evqb cöwµqvwu gwbui Ki Z n e KvUvi gva g AwaK bvixiv Avm eb wvkb, wkš ïay msiw Z Avm bb wpikv ji Rb Zviv hb mxgve bv _v Kb A_ vr j ivl Z n e hb KvUv c wz bvix `i Rb GKwU N Uv ev M vm wmwjs ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 18

bv n q hvq, hlv b Zviv AvU K hvb hgb evsjv ` k cökvm b 10 kzvsk nv i bvix `i Rb h KvUv ivlv n q Q, mlv b g qiv G 10 kzvsk Gi Dc i Avi h Z cvi Qb bv GwU Zv `i Rb GKwU M vm wmwjs Gi gz n q M Q wksev bvix `i Rb msiw Z Avmb msl v 100 Z DbœxZ n j c i bvixiv hw` ïay Gme msiw Z Avm bb wbe vwpz nb, mvaviy Avm b wbe vpb bv K ib, mwu KL bvb Kvw LZ bq GiKg cwiw wz Aek B Gwo q Pjv DwPZ AZGe Gw` K j ivl Z n e GKgvÎ KvUv w` q bvix `i Rb Kvb wbiew Qbœ, UKmB AMÖMwZ AR b Kiv m e nq bv mgzv AR bi j KvUvi cvkvcwk bvix AskMÖn Y hme KvVv gvmz cöwzeükzv i q Q m jv `~i Kivi Rb bvbvikg D ` vm bqv cö qvrb, hwu biwwk ` ki D`vniY _ K `Lv hvq biwwk `k jv cö_ gb g q `i KvUv K iwb g q `i AskMÖnY hlb kzkiv 20 _ K 25 G cuš Q M Q, ZLb Zviv KvUvi cöez b K i Qb 20 _ K 25 kzvsk g q `i AskMÖnY _vkv gv b GiB g a Zv `i wbr ^ wkqz kw³ Ges gzv mwâz n q Q GwU K AviI mnvqzv cö`v bi Rb ZLb KvUv Kiv nq hv Z GwU K Zviv Pvwj q wb Z cv ib wkš hlv b g qiv AZUv gzvwqz nbwb, ïaygvî KvUv K i w` j mlv b AskMÖnY wbwðz Kiv Ges Zv a i ivlv LyeB gykwkj me kl wk Yxq welqwu nj, hme ` k bvix cöwzwbwaz e o Q, mme ` kb bvix Av `vjb Kvb bv Kvbfv e GKwU i Z c~y f~wgkv G Î i L Q bvix cöwzwbwaz evov Z evsjv ` ki KiYxq me k l W. Rvnvb evsjv ` ki ivrbxwz Z bvix cöwzwbwaz evov Z ^í, ga g I `xn gqv ` KiYxq wkqy cö vebv ev mycvwikgvjv ck K ib, h jv wbæiƒc ^í gqv ` KiYxq: ez gvb msm `i 45wU msiw Z bvix Avm b wbe vwpz bvix mvsm` `i Rb `ª Z mȳ úó Kg cwiwa (Terms of Reference) wpwýz Ki Z n e, hv Z K i Zviv mwz B KvR Ki Z cv ib mywbw` ó wbe vpbx GjvKv ev KÝwUwUD qwý bv _vkvq Zviv cök Z A _ ez gv b KvR Ki Z cvi Qb bv G welqwu `ª Z gxgvsmv niqv cö qvrb mvaviy Avm b wbe vwpz mvsm` `i gz msiw Z Avm b wbe vwpz bvix mvsm` `ii mikvix Dbœqb Znwej (public development funds) e envi Kivi GLwZqvi _vk Z n e ivr bwzk `j jvi wm vš MÖnY cªwµqvq (decision making bodies) bvix `i AskMÖnY I Askx`vwiZ AviI evov Z n e bvix welqk msm`xq vqx KwgwU K AviI Rvi`vi I kw³kvjx Ki Z n e hv Z Zviv bvix `i Rb bvbv i Z c~y Bmÿ Z Zv `i `vwe jv Zz j ai Z cv ib G Î bvix `i Rb i Z c~y welq jv Kx, Gig a Kvb& jv wb q Zviv KvR Ki eb Ges RvZxq ch v q Zz j ai eb, GLb ch š hme Dbœqbg~jK Znwej Av Q m jv Kxfv e AviI Kvh Kifv e e envi Kiv hvq, Ab vb hme gwnjv msmvb Av Q ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 19

Zv `i mv _ wg j Kxfv e RvUfy³ n q KvR Kiv hvq, Gme wel q msm`xq GB KwgwU AviI Kvh Ki f~wgkv ivl Z cv i mivmwi wbe vp bi gva g 100 msiw Z Avm b bvix `i wbe vwpz Kivi h wbe vpbx A½xKvi gzvmxb `j K i Q Zvi ev evq b RvZxq msm ` GKwU wej DÌvcb Ki Z n e ïay wej DÌvcb Ki jb Pj e bv, Gi cvkvcvwk A bk jv weivrgvb mgm vi Kvh Ki mgvavb Luy R ei Ki Z n e Zv bvn j bvix `i Rb 100 msiw Z Avm bi welqwu cök Z A _ ev evwqz n e bv hgb, cö vwez 100 msiw Z Avmb eè bi e vcv i GKai bi mg SvZvq mkj K cušqy Z n e GQvov G msiw Z Avmb jvi wecix Z wbe vpbx GjvKvi mxgv ilv (Constituency demarcation) Kxfv e wba vwiz n e, G Avmb jvi Rb e vju KvVv gv (Ballot structure) Kx n e GmeI f e `L Z n e bvix Av `vjbkvixiv GKwU e vju KvVv gv cö ve K i Qb hlv b cö Z K fvuv ii `y Uv fvu _vk e GKwU mvaviy Avm bi Rb, Av ikwu msiw Z bvix Avm bi Rb Z e cö vwez G KvVv gv m ú K GL bv A b Ki wøgz i q Q Ges GwU wek` Av jvpbvi gva gb mgvav niqv `ikvi ga gqv ` KiYxq: mvaviy Ges msiw Z Avm b cöwzøw ØZv Kivi gz m ve hvm bvix cöv_ x `i GKwU `j (pool) ˆZwi Ki Z n e hviv fv jvfv e Zv `i wbe vpbx cöwzøw Ø `i gy LvgywL `uvov Z cv ib h nzz 5 eqi c ib Av ikwu wbe vpb n e, GLb _ KB G j KvR K i h Z n e bvix `i wbe vpbx cöwzøw ØZvq mdjfv e wu K _vkvi Rb cöpzi Znwej `ikvi hv Av M _ KB RvMvo Kiv ïi Kiv `ikvi Kviv G Znwej RvMvo Ki eb, Kxfv e Ki eb, G meb fvev `ikvi GLb _ KB bvix cöv_ x `i Rb GKwU mv cvu buiqvk M o Zzj Z n e hv Z K i Zzjbvg~jKfv e k³ Ae v b _vkv cyi l cöwzc K gvkv ejv Kivi gz GKwU ch v q Zviv cušqy Z cv ib bvix cöwzwbwa Z GwM q hviqv `k jv GB mv cvu buiqvk A bk Av M _ KB Mo Z _v K G Î AviI fve Z n e h Kviv GB mv cvu buiqvk ˆZwi Z KvR Ki eb ivr bwzk `j, bv bvix Av `vjb msmvb, bvwk Ab KD? Av ikwu i Z c~y welq nj hme bvix mivmwi ivrbxwz Z m ú ³, Avi hviv mykxj mgv Ri cöwzwbwa n q bvbvfv e bvix Av `vj b f~wgkv ivl Qb G `yb ` ji bvix `i gv S GKwU A_ en hvmv hvm vcb Kiv I bvbv wel q gzwewbgq Ae vnz ivlv Avgv `i ` k G `ywu `jb Lye wew Qbœfv e KvR K i hv Qb, Zv `i gv S Lye A_ en Kvb hvmm~î bb hvi d j `yõ` jib GKwU mvaviy j _vk ji, m j AR b GKwU `j Av ikwu ` ji cwic~ik f~wgkv wb Z cvi Qb bv A_P biwwk ev Ab vb hme ` k g q `i cöwzwbwaz Lye ZvovZvwo GwM q Q, mme ` k G`ywU `j ci ú ii cwic~ik wn m e KvR Ki Q W. Rvnvb we kl K i G w`kwu Z h Avgv `i ` k NvUwZ i q M Q Zv D j L K i e jb, Kv ivi mgv jvpbv Kiv gv b GB bq h wzwb kî, Ges hzw`b bv G gvbwmkzv Avgiv cwinvi Ki Z ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 20

cvi ev, ZZw`b Avgv `i G RvU MVbwU wvkfv e n q DV e bv myzivs cö Z K K Zvi wbr ^ Ae vb _ K G hvmm~îwu ervq ivl Z D ` vmx n Z n e e j wzwb gz cökvk K ib `xn gqv ` KiYxq: mywbw` ófv e bvix Dbœq b f~wgkv iv L Ggb wkqy G RÛv mbv³ Kiv GKwU AZ š Ri wi c` c wkš bvix welqk G RÛv wba vi Y Zgb Kvb KvR evsjv ` k nqwb d j bvix Dbœqb mswk ó ewkifvm KvR j nxb ev ^í gqv ` Dbœq bi j wb ew`z mwz Kvi A _ `xn gqv`x Dbœq bi j bvix `i mywbw` ó mgm v mgvav bi KvR Lye KgB n q Q Gme bvix Bmÿ nj Ggb Bmÿ h jv m ú K mkj bvixi GKwU mw wjz Ae vb i q Q Ges hv mkj bvix KB Kvb bv Kvbfv e cöfvwez K i G jv AvIqvgx jxm, wegbwc ev gwnjv cwil `i G RÛv bq, G jv mgv Ri mkj ii mkj bvixi G RÛv hgb Mf cvz Bmÿ, Av gwikvq Mf cvz msµvš Bmÿ Z A bk KvR n q Q Ggb Kgc 10wU g~j bvix Bmÿ Avgv `i mbv³ Ki Z n e, h jv mgvav bi j mkj K GK hv M KvR Ki Z n e h nzz gvu fvuvi `i 50 kzvsk n Qb bvix, bvix `i fvu jv hv Z Aš Z bvix `i c c o m Abyhvqx bvix fvu cöfvwez Ki Z n e Ges m j mywbw` ó G RÛvwfwËK KvR Ki Z n e, hvi wbwi L bvix fvuviiv gwnjv Ges cyi l Dfq cöv_ x K wepvi K i Zv `i fvuwu ` eb GwU Kiv M j bvix `i cöwzwbwaz `ª Z evov bv m e n e mevb K Zv `i AwfÁZvi Av jv K Av jwpz I cö vwez welq jv we k l Yi Avnevb Rvwb q W. iibk Rvnvb G ch v q Zuvi Dc vcbv kl K ib Aa vck ingvb mvenvb W. Rvnvb K ab ev` Rvwb q e jb, Zuvi e³e _ K A bk Z_ I mz ewi q G m Q hv _ K A bk wkqyb klvi Av Q wzwb Avkv cökvk K ib W. Rvnv bi GB Z_ mg Dc vcbv _ K GKwU Kvh Ki Av jvpbvi m~îcvz NU e gy³ Av jvpbvi Rb msjvc Db y³ Kivi c~ e wzwb Ôwba vwiz Av jvp Ki e³e Õ c e Ôevsjv `k gwnjv cwil`õ Gi mfvcwz Avqkv Lvbg K Av jvp wel q wkqy ejvi Rb AvnŸvb K ib wba vwiz Av jvp Ki e³e Dcw Z mkj K ï f Qv Rvwb q Avqkv Lvbg Ômykxj mgv Ri w_sku v¼õ wn m e wmwcww K we klfv e ab ev` Rvbvb evsjv ` k bvixi gzvq bi Bmÿ Z GKwU mg qvc hvmx msjvc Av qvr bi D ` vm MÖnY Kievi Rb W. iibk Rvnvb K GKRb axgvb M elk wn m e AvL vwqz K i wzwb e jb ˆewk K, `w Y Gkxq Ges RvZxq ch v q bvix `i ivr bwzk cöwzwbwaz vq bi GKwU wek` weeiy Zuvi Dc vcbvq D V G m Q evsjv ` k bvix Dbœqb wb q Kg iz wewfbœ msmv bi Z_ -DcvË Ges ev e AwfÁZv ch v jvpbv K i W. Rvnvb h we k lywu Zz j a i Qb Zv G wel q gvv ch v qi Kg x `i AviI fvebvi ivrbxwz Z bvixi cöwzwbwaz : ˆewk K cö vc U evsjv ` ki KiYxq 21